Examples of in-text referencing

The following citations are taken from the example References list on page 13. Each citation will be presented with examples of how to reference in-text and comments are made regarding these references.

Example 1

Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre. (2002). CRC Research Programs. Narrabri, NSW:
Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre. Retrieved November, 2002,
from http://www.cotton.crc.org.au/AboutUs/Org/CRCPrograms.htm

In-text

  1. ..........a paraphrase or summary..........(Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre, 2002).
  2. The Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre (2002) was known to have distributed...a paraphrase or a summary.........
  3. " Cotton is the backbone of the Australian economy" (Australian Cotton Cooperative Research Centre, 2002, para 7).

Comments

  1. This is how the in-text citation would appear at the end of the sentence that refers to the information from this source. Note that the full stop comes after the bracket.
  2. Only the year is in brackets because the 'author' is a necessary part of the sense of the sentence
  3. This is a direct quote enclosed by double quotation marks. Being from an online source, the page numbers may be absent from the article. When this occurs, indicate the paragraph (para) number from where the quoted was obtained e.g. para 7: or indicate this paragraph (para) by using the symbol " ¶ " instead of the abbreviation "para" ; for example, ... para 7 or ... ¶7. This paragrah symbol is found in the "Insert " menu feature under "symbol".

Example 2

Bowman, J. & Corkum, C.V. (2001). Spatial scales of trapping in small-mammal research. Canadian Field-Naturalist,115, 472-475.

In-text

  1. ...a paraphrase or summary..................(Bowman & Corkum 2001).
  2. Bowman and Corkum (2001) suggest that... (a paraphrase or summary)
  3. Bowman and Corkum (2001, p.64) state that "all people concerned are influenced by the mammals."

Comments

  1. (Bowman & Corkum, 2001) appears at the end of the information that was taken from this source. Notice that inside the brackets, an ampersand is used instead of 'and'.
  2. Bowman and Corkum are necessary parts of the sentence; they act as the subject and therefore are not enclosed in brackets. The year (2001) is in brackets as this is not an integral part of the sense of the sentence. Note also that the ampersand (&) has changed to 'and' because a) it is not in brackets; b) it is read as part of the sentence and needs to be written in full.
  3. A direct quote and, therefore, page number is cited.

Example 3

Nead, L. (1992). The female nude: Art, obscenity, and sexuality. London: Routledge.

In-text

  1. .......(a paraphrase or a summary)..........(Nead, 1992).
  2. Nead (1992) argued that...(a paraphrase or a summary)...

Comments

  1. The sentence is a paraphrase or summary of the ideas from Nead. Therefore, Nead is acknowledged at the end of the sentence with the year of publication.
  2. Nead is the subject of the sentence and a necessary word to read to make sense of the sentence. Hence, 'Nead' is not enclosed in brackets and the year is (1992).

Example 4

Schroeder, J. J. (1995). Developing self-esteem and leadership skills in Native American women. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 66(7), 48-49. Retrieved August 26, 2001, from ProQuest database.

In-text

  1. (a paraphrase or a summary)....... (Schroeder 1995).
  2. Schroeder (1995 ).........( a paraphrase or a summary).......
  3. "Self-esteem is fundamental to human development" (Schroeder, 1995, p. 48).
  4. Schroeder (1995, p. 48) quoted that "self-esteem is fundamental to human development."

Comments

  1. The source is acknowledged at the end of the sentence.
  2. Schroeder is a necessary part of the sense of the sentence, and is therefore, not in brackets.
  3. The exact words of the author have been used, enclosed in double quotation marks, followed by citing the author, year and page number.
  4. The page number (or paragraph number or paragraph symbol if the page number is unavailable) is added whenever you quote the direct words of the author.

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