This subject provides students with the opportunity to develop a detailed understanding of the major pathologies of the endocrine, digestive, circulatory, renal, respiratory, immune, and musculoskeletal systems, which are of substantial significance to health today. This includes an understanding of how cells and tissues alter due to changes in their immediate environment. This subject builds on an understanding of the fundamentals of physiology. It assumes a knowledge of basic chemistry, biochemistry, and basic human physiology. In particular, students will require a fundamental understanding of the circulatory, renal, respiratory, and immune systems.

• Define fundamental pathophysiology terms
• List and define different types of cellular adaptations to stress
• Describe cellular injury in response to various conditions and agents
• Distinguish between different forms of genetic disorders
• Define and describe anomalies of immunity and inflammation
• State the causes, classification and characteristics of cancer and the haematological malignancies
• List and discuss selected disorders of the gastrointestinal system and its accessory organs
• Define and describe the common haematological and haemostatic disorders
• Describe the pathophysiology and complications of major disorders of the cardiovascular system
• Describe the pathogenesis and manifestations of major disorders of the respiratory tract
• State the common causes and/or risk factors, and manifestations of renal disorders including renal changes due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and drug use
• Briefly describe the basic pathophysiology of major musculoskeletal disorders

• Concepts of pathophysiology and disease - Introduction to fundamental pathophysiology terminology
• Alterations to cells and tissues in response to stress (including cellular injury & cytoplasmic accumulations)
• Genes, environment and common disorders (including single-gene, chromosomal, and multifactorial disorders, and teratogens)
• Alterations in immunity and inflammation. Allergy. Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency. Inflammation.
• Neoplasia. Benign and malignant neoplasms. Metastasis. Oncogenesis. Carcinogens.
• Disorders of endocrine function including Diabetes mellitus.
• Alterations to haematopoietic function -including anaemia, leukaemia, and bleeding disorders.
• Alterations to circulatory function and blood pressure - atherosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease and hypertension.
• Alterations in cardiac function - myocardial ischaemia, infarction, angina pectoris, heart failure and arrhythmias.
• Respiratory tract infections - influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis.
• Alterations in ventilation - asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
• Alterations in renal function - urinary obstruction, urinary tract infections, glomerulonephritis, and kidney changes due to diabetes mellitus, hypertension and drug use.
• Renal failure - acute and chronic renal failure.
• Common musculoskeletal disorders - osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, muscular atrophy, & muscular dystrophy.