Multilingual Children's Speech
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Icelandic | Benediktsdóttir, A. L., Másdóttir, Þ., Hansson, G. (2019-2020). Hljóðferli í tali tveggja til átta ára barna. [Phonological processes in the speech of 2-8 year-old Icelandic speaking children] Íslenskt mál, 41-42, 9-41. | 433 | phonological processes | |
Icelandic | Másdóttir, T. (2008). Phonological development and disorders in Icelandic-speaking children [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Newcastle upon Tyne. | 28 | C, CC, phonological processes | |
Icelandic | Másdóttir, T., McLeod, S., & Crowe, K. (2021). Icelandic children’s acquisition of consonants and consonant clusters. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(5), 1490–1502. | 437 | C, CC, PCC | |
Irish – Connacht | Brennan, S. (2004). First Steps: Early development of Irish as a Primary Language: Focus on phonology | 12 | C, CC | - |
Irish – Dublin | Ó Baoill, D. (1992). Developmental states in the acquisition of Irish phonology and initial mutation. In D. Ó Baoill (Ed.). Insealbhú na Gaeilge mar Chéad Teanga (pp. 54-73). Irish Association for Applied Linguistics. | 2 | C, CC | - |
Italian | Bortolini, U. (1995). Manuale PFLI (Prove per la valutazione Fonologica del Linguaggio Infantile). Edit Master. | unknown | C, P | - |
Italian | Bortolini, U., & Leonard, L. B. (1991). The speech of phonologically disordered children acquiring Italian. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics,5(1), 1-12. | 9 | P | |
Italian | D’Odorico, L., Majorano, M., Fasolo, M., Salerni, N., & Suttora, C. (2011). Characteristics of phonological development as a risk factor for language development in Italian speaking pre-term children: A longitudinal study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 25(1), 53-65. | 39 | C | |
Italian | Degasperi, L. (2018). FON-FUN - Fonologia in gioco, Fabbrica dei Segni. | 600 | P | - |
Italian | Fasolo, M., Majorano, M., & D’Odorico, L. (2008). Babbling and first words in children with slow expressive development. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22(2), 83-94. | 12 | C | |
Italian | Fox-Boyer, A., Lavaggi, S., & Fricke, S. (2021). Phonological variations in typically-developing Italian-speaking children aged 3;0-4;11. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36(2-3), 241-259. | 183 | P | |
Italian | Lucarini, G., Bovo, R., Galatà, V., Pinton, A., & Zmarich, C. (2022). Speech perception and production abilities in a group of Italian preschoolers aged 72–78 months. Hearing, Balance and Communication, 20, 186-195. | 13 | P | |
Italian | Piazzalunga, S., Salerni, N., Ambrogi, F., Limarzi, S., Visconti, G., & Schindler, A. (2020). Normative data and construct validity of a cross-linguistic functional speech outcome, the Intelligibility in Context Scale: Italian (ICS–I). International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 132, 109924. | 355 | Intell | |
Italian | Piazzalunga, S., Salerni, N., Limarzi, S., Fassina, S., & Schindler, A. (2021). Can you understand your child? Reliability and validity of a parent questionnaire the Intelligibility in Context Scale: Italian. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 73(4), 265-276. h | 355 | PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Italian | Tresoldi, M., Ambrogi, F., Favero, E., Colombo, A., Barillari, M. R., Velardi, P., & Schindler, A. (2015). Reliability, validity and normative data of a quick repetition test for Italian children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 79(6), 888-894. | 557 | C, CC | |
Italian | Tresoldi, M., Barillari, M. R., Ambrogi, F., Sai, E., Barillari, U., Tozzi, E., . . . Schindler, A. (2018). Normative and validation data of an articulation test for Italian-speaking children. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 110, 81-86. | 694 | C, CC | |
Italian | Viterbori, P., Zanobini, M., & Cozzani, F. (2018). Phonological development in children with different lexical skills. First Language, 38(5), 538-559. | 88 | C, P | |
Italian | Zanobini, M., & Viterbori, P. (2009). La relazione fra sviluppo fonologico e lessicale nel terzo anno di vita. Rivista di Psicolinguistica Applicata, 9(1/2), 1000-1016. | 41 | C | |
Italian | Zanobini, M., Viterbori, P., & Saraceno, F. (2012). Phonology and language development in Italian children: An analysis of production and accuracy. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(1), 16-31. | 30 | C, P | |
Italian | Zmarich, C., & Bonifacio, S. (2005). Phonetic inventories in Italian children aged 18 - 27 months: A longitudinal study. Interspeech, 757-760. | 13 | C | |
Italian | Zmarich, C., Bonichini, S., & Bonifacio, S. (in progress). Test Fonetico per la Prima Infanzia TFPI [Powerpoint Presentation]. | 71 | C | - |
Italian | Zmarich, C., Fava, I., Del Monego, G., & Bonifacio, S. (2012). Verso un “Test Fonetico per la Prima Infanzia”. In M. Falcone, & Paoloni, A. (Ed.), La Voce nelle applicazioni, Atti dell’ 8º Convegno Nazionale AISV (pp. 51-66). Bulzoni Editore. | 30 | C, CC, PPC, P | - |
Jamaican Creole | León, M., Washington, K. N., Fritz, K. A., Leon, M., Basinger, M., & Crowe, K. (2021). Intelligibility in Context Scale: Sensitivity and specificity in the Jamaican context. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 35(2), 154–171. | 262 | Intell | |
Jamaican Creole | Meade, R. R. (2001). Acquisition of Jamaican phonology. HIL/LOT serie. | 24 | C, CC, V | |
Jamaican Creole | Washington, K. N., McDonald, M. M., McLeod, S., Crowe, K., & Devonish, H. (2017). Validation of the Intelligibility in Context Scale for Jamaican Creole-speaking preschoolers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(3), 750–761. | 145 | Intell | |
Japanese | Funayama, M., Abe, M., Kato, M., Saito, S., Takeshita, K., Nishimura, B., Yamashita, S. & Yamashita, Y. (1989). Kōonkensahō tsuikahōkoku. Onsei Gengo Igaku,30, 285–292. | 90 | C, PCC | |
Japanese | Nakajima, S., Okamoto, N., Murai, J., Tanaka, M., Okuno, S., & Maeda, T. (1962). Onsei no kigōka narabini taiseika katei ni kansuru kenkyū (1). Sinrigaku Hyōron, 6, 1-48. | 550 | C, CC, V PCC, PVC | - |
Japanese | Nakamura, T., Kojima, C., & Fujiwara, Y. (2014). Phonological process decline in two- to six-year-olds. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences, 10, 1-13. | 116 | C, WWP | |
Japanese | Nakanishi, Y., & Owada, K. (1967). Yōji no kōonshōgai no hattatsu. Tokyo Gakugei University Bulletin of the Research Institute for the Education of Exceptional Children, 1, 1-52. | 20 | C | - |
Japanese | Owada, K., Nakanishi, Y., & Oshige, K. (1969). Hoikuenji no kōon no henka nit suite. Jikō, 41, 227-231. | 511 | C | |
Japanese | Sakauchi, T. (1967). Kodomo no kōon nōryoku ni tsuite. Gengo Shōgai Kenkyū, 68, 13-26. | 134 | C, CC, PPC | - |
Japanese | Umebayashi, S., & Takagi, T. (1965). Gakurei mae no kodomo no kōonnōryoku ni kansuru ichikenkyū. Onsei Gengo Igaku, 6, 17-18. | 133 | C | |
Kikuyu + English | Nyagah, J. W. (1994). The acquisition of initial English consonant clusters by Kikuyu children. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Reading, Reading, UK. | 34 | C, CC | |
Korean | Chung, H. (2006). Developmental processes in production and perception of Korean /s/ and /s*. (Doctoral dissertation), Kent State University, Kent, OH. | 50 | C, PCC | |
Korean | Kim, M., Kim, S. J., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2017). Phonological acquisition of Korean consonants in conversational speech produced by young Korean children. Journal of Child Language, 44(4), 1010–1023. | 60 | C, PCC | |
Korean | Kim, M., & Pae, S. (2005). The percentage of consonants correct and the ages of consonantal acquisition for ‘Korean-Test of Articulation for Children’. Korean Journal of Speech Sciences, 12(2), 139-152. | 220 | C, CC, PCC | - |
Korean | Kim, Y. (1996). The percentage of consonant correct (PCC) using picture articulation test in preschool children. Korean Journal of Communication Disorders, 1, 7-33. [in Korean] | 155 | C | - |
Korean | Oum, J. (1986). Speech-sound development in children aged three to five years in Korean: With special reference to consonants. (Master’s thesis), Ewha Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea. [in Korean] | 150 | C | - |
Korean | Pae, S. (1995). The development of language in Korean children. In The Korean Society of Communication Disorders (Ed.), Training of speech pathologists (pp. 18-35). Seoul, South Korea: Hanhaksa. [in Korean] | 320 | C | - |
Korean –Seoul | Kim, M., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2011). Phonological development of word-initial Korean obstruents in young Korean children. Journal of Child Language, 38(2), 316-340. | 40 | C | |
Korean –Seoul | Kim, M., & Stoel-Gammon, C. (2009). The acquisition of Korean word-initial stops. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125(6), 3950-3961. | 40 | C | |
Malay – Panang | Phoon, H. S., Abdullah, A. C., Lee, L. W., & Murugaiah, P. (2014). Consonant acquisition in the Malay language: A cross-sectional study of preschool aged Malay children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(5), 329-345. | 326 | C, PCC | |
Kurdish – Central Kurdish, Soraní, Middle Kurmanji Dialect | Karzan & Sherwan (2021). Acquiring consonant phonemes by Kurdish children. Journal of University of Raparin, 8(4), 107-142. | 18 | C | |
Kurdish (Kurdî, كوردی) – Central Kurdish, Soraní, Middle Kurmanji Dialect | Fatemi-Syadar et al. (2021). Phonological acquisition in 3- to 5-year-old Kurdish-speaking children. Journal of Communication Disorders, 93, 106 141 | 120 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC, phonological processes | |
Kurdish – Central Kurdish, Soraní, Middle Kurmanji Dialect | Fatemi-Syadar, S.,& Zarifian, T. (2022). Phonological development in Kurdish speaking child: A longitudinalCase study. In S. McLeod, C. Gregoric & S. Sikder (Eds), Early childhood voices conference proceedings (p.100). Charles Sturt University. | 1 | C, V, CC, PCC, PVC, PPC, phonological processes, PWP, pMLU | - |
Maltese | Azzopardi, S. (1997). Phonological development of consonants in 4 year old Maltese children. [Unpublished dissertation]. University of Malta, Malta. | 10 | phonological processes | - |
Maltese | Frendo (2002). The phonology of three-year old Maltese speaking twins. [Unpublished dissertation]. University of Malta, Malta. | 9 3 twin sets & 3 singletons | phonological processes | - |
Maltese | Grech, H. (1998). Phonological development of Maltese speaking children. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester, UK. | 21 | C, CC, phonological processes | - |
Maltese | Grech, H. (2017). Bilingual speech assessment for Maltese children. In E. Babatsouli D. Ingram & N. Müller (Eds.). Crosslinguistic encounters in language acquisition (pp. 109-144. Multilingual Matters. | 241 | PCC, PVC, inconsistency, oro-motor | - |
Maltese | Grech, H., & Dodd, B. (2008). Phonological acquisition in Malta: A bilingual language learning context. International Journal of Bilingualism, 12 (3), 155-171. | 241 | PCC, PVC, inconsistency score, oro-motor | |
Maltese | Grech, H., Dodd, B., & Franklin, S. (2011). Maltese-English Speech Assessment (MESA). Malta: University of Malta. (ISBN: 978-99957-0-027-0) | 241 | PCC, PVC, inconsistency, oro-motor function | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Cheung, H., & Hsu, B. (2000). Chinese children’s production and perception of consonants: A developmental study. Zhonghua Tingyu Xuezhi, 15, 1–10. | 90 | C | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Cho, S. J. (2008). The phonological development of Taiwan preschoolers from age three to six years of age. [Unpublished masters thesis]. National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan. | 852 | C | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Hsu, J. (1987/2003). A study of the various stages of development and acquisition of Mandarin Chinese in Taiwan milieu. Crane. | 28 | C, V, T | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. (1977). The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language, 4(2), 185-199. | 17 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Liu C-T. (2021). A first step toward the clinical application of landmark-based acoustic analysis in child Mandarin. Children, 8(2), 159. | 80 | C, acoustics | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong P., Schwartz R. G., & Jenkins, J. J. (2005). Perception and production of lexical tones by 3-year-old, Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 48(5), 1065-1079. | 13 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong, P. (2008). Development of lexical tone production in disyllabic words by 2- to 6-year-old Mandarin-speaking children. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], City University of New York. | 44 | T, 2-syllable words | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong, P. (2012a). Acoustic characteristics of three-year-olds’ correct and incorrect monosyllabic Mandarin lexical tone productions. Journal of Phonetics, 40(1), 141–151. | 13 | T, acoustics | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Wong, P. (2012b). Monosyllabic Mandarin tone productions by 3-year-olds growing up in Taiwan and in the United States: Interjudge reliability and perceptual results. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(5), 1423-1437. | 24 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Li, F., & Munson, B. (2016). The development of voiceless sibilant fricatives in Putonghua-speaking children. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 59(4), 699–712. | 97 | C | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Lin, Y. -J., Wang, F., Wu, X., & Kong, J. (2020). The development of phonological awareness and Pinyin knowledge in Mandarin-speaking school-aged children. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(6), 660-668. | 182 | PA | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Xu Rattanasone, N., Tang P., Yuen I., Gao L., & Demuth K. (2018). Five-year-olds’ acoustic realization of Mandarin tone sandhi and lexical tones in context are not yet fully adult-like. Frontiers in Psychology, 9,817, 1-10. | 74 | T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Yang, J. (2018). Development of stop consonants in three- to six-year-old Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language, 45(5), 1091–1115. | 29 | Stops | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Yang, J., & Liu, C., (2012). Categorical perception of lexical tone in 6 to 8-year-old monolingual and bilingual children. International Journal of Asian Language Processing, 23(2), 49-62. | 24 | T, perception | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Zhu, H. (2002). Phonological development in specific contexts: Studies of Chinese-speaking children. Multilingual Matters. | 4 | C, V, T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Zhu, H. (2006). The normal and disordered phonology of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese)-speaking children. In H. Zhu & B. Dodd (Eds.), Phonological development and disorders in children: A multilingual perspective (pp. 81-108). Multilingual Matters. | 129 | C, V, T | Book chapter |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Beijing | Zhu, H., & Dodd, B. (2000). The phonological acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language, 27(1), 3-42. | 129 | C, V, T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Chang-sa | Ma, J., Zhu, J., Yang, Y. & Chen, F. (2021). The development of categorical perception of segments and suprasegments in Mandarin-speaking preschoolers.Frontiers in Psychology, 1(12), 693366. | 47 | C, T, perception | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Chang-sa | Yang, J., & Lee, T.H. (2006). Lexical variation and rime-tone correlation in early tonal acquisition: a longitudinal study of Mandarin Chinese. ISCA Archive, 126-131. | 1 | T, acoustics | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai | Bernhardt, B. M., & Zhao, J. (2010). Nonlinear phonological analysis in assessment of protracted phonological development in Mandarin. Canadian Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 34(3), 168-180. | 31 | C | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai | Han, J. (2005). Development of Putonghua speech sounds: Speech intelligibility, phonetic contrasts, and acoustic features. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. East China Normal University, Shanghai. | 212 | C, Intell | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai | Huang, Z. M., Wan, Q., & Zhang, L. (2000). Speech standard. East China Normal University Press. | 200 | C, V | - |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Shanghai + English | Marinova-Todd, S., Zhao, J. & Bernhardt, B. M. (2010). Phonological awareness skills in the two languages of Mandarin-English bilingual children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 24(4-5), 387-400. | 144 | PA | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Southern | Tang, P., Yuen, I., Xu Rattanasone, N., Gao, L., & Demuth, K. (2019). Acquisition of weak syllables in tonal languages: acoustic evidence from neutral tone in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Child Language, 46(1), 24-50. | 108 | T, weak syllables | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Taiwan | Liu, C.-T., Chen, L.-M., Lin, Y.-C., Cheng, C.-Y., & Lin, Y.-C. (2020). Fricative productions of Mandarin-speaking children with cerebral palsy: The case of five-year-olds. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 34(3), 256-270. | 18 | C | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Taiwan | Liu, H.-M., & Chien, H.-Y. (2020). Speech sound errors of Mandarin-speaking preschool children with co-occurring speech sound disorder and developmental language disorder. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 34(12), 1130-1148. | 64 | C, V, T | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) – Xi’an | McBride-Chang, C., Bialystok, E., Chong, K. K. Y., & Li, Y. (2004). Levels of phonological awareness in three cultures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 89(2), 93-111. | 309 (105 Mand) | PA | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) –Shen-zhen | Chen F., Peng G., Yan N., & Wang L. (2017). The development of categorical perception of Mandarin tones in four- to seven-year-old children. Journal of Child Language, 44(6), 1413–1434. | 70 | T, perception | |
Mandarin (Putonghua) | Chen, K. -M. (2016). Phonological systems and intelligibility of Mandarin-speaking four-year-olds in Taiwan. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Wichita State University, Kansas, USA. | 10 (+ 10 SSD) | Intell |