Multilingual Children's Speech
| Language (Dialect) | Reference | No. of participants | Acquisition data | Access information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Vietnamese – Central | Lee, S. A. S., Nguyen Phuoc, T. M., Truong Thi, N. Q., Dang Thi, H. T., Ho Thi, L. M., & Ha, N. C. (2024). Phonological acquisition in Vietnamese-speaking children with central dialect. Speech, Language and Hearing, 27(2), 87-103. | 80 | C, V, PCC, PVC, Phon pattern | |
Vietnamese – Northern | Luu, L. T. (1996). The language development stages of children aged 1-6 (based on samples of children’s language in Hanoi) [Những bước phát triển ngôn ngữ trẻ em từ 1 đến 6 tuổi (trên tư liệu ngôn ngữ trẻ em ở nội thành Hà Nội)]. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Hanoi University of Social Sciences and Humanity [Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn]. | 62 | C, V, T | - |
Vietnamese – Northern | Phạm, B., & McLeod, S. (2019). Vietnamese-speaking children’s acquisition of consonants, semivowels, vowels, and tones in Northern Viet Nam. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(8), 2645-2670. | 195 | C, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern | |
Vietnamese – Southern | Le, X. T. T. (2023). Investigation of speech acquisition of children in Ho Chi Minh City. [Unpublished masters dissertation], Ho Chi Minh City University of Medicine and Pharmacy. | 360 | C, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern | - |
Vietnamese – Southern | Le, X. T. T., McLeod, S., & Phạm, B. (2022). Consonant accuracy and intelligibility of Southern Vietnamese children. Speech, Language and Hearing, 25(3), 315-324. | 132 | PCC, PVC, PSVC, PTC, Intell | |
Vietnamese – Southern | Nguyen, K. T. L. & Pham, H. L. (2014). Common errors in 2-4-year-old children (in Ho Chi Minh City) [Lỗi phát âm âm tiết thường gặp ở trẻ 2-4 tuổi (tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh)]. Science Journal of Ho Chi Minh City University of Pedagogy[Tạp chí Khoa học trường Đại học Sư phạm thành phố Hồ Chí Minh], 57(91), 9-21. | 635 | Error types and frequencies (PCE, PVE, PTE) | - |
Vietnamese – Southern | Nguyen, K. T. L. (2011). Evaluation of the ability to articulate (pronounce) syllables of Vietnamese-speaking children in Kindergarten [Đánh giá khả năng phát âm âm tiết của trẻ mẫu giáo nói Tiếng Việt]. Language [Ngôn ngữ], 9, 6-17. | 303 | PCC, PVC, PTC | Journal article |
Vietnamese + English | Margetson, K., McLeod, S., & Verdon, S. (2023). Cross-linguistic transfer and ambient phonology: Impact on diagnosis of speech sound disorders in a longitudinal bilingual case study. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 4(3), 311–339. | 1 child | C, PCC, phonological patterns | |
Vietnamese + English | Margetson, K., McLeod, S., & Verdon, S. (2024). Diagnosing speech sound disorder in bilingual Vietnamese-English-speaking children: Are English-only assessments sufficient? In E. Babatsouli (Ed.). Multilingual acquisition and learning: A ecosystemic view to diversity. (pp. 217-245). John Benjamins Publishing. | 4 children | C, PCC, Phon pattern, Intell | |
Vietnamese + English | McLeod, S., Margetson, K., Wang, C., Tran, V. H., Verdon, S., White, K., & Phạm, B. (2022). Speech acquisition within a 3-generation Vietnamese-English family: The influence of maturation and ambient phonology. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 36(4-5), 470-493. | 5 (2 children; 3 adults) | C, PCC, PVC, PTC | |
Vietnamese + English | McLeod, S., Verdon, S., Margetson, K., Tran, V. H., Wang, C., Phạm, B., To, L., & Huynh, K. (2023). Multilingual speech acquisition by Vietnamese-English–speaking children and adult family members. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(7), 2184-2229. | 154 (69 children, 85 adults) | C, CC, V, T, PCC, PVC, PTC, Phon pattern, Intell | |
Warlpiri | O’Shannessy, C., Davis, V., Bartlett, J., Nelson, A., & Foster, D. (2023). Developing the Little Kids’ Word List app, a fair assessment tool of communicative development for young Aboriginal children in multilingual families in Central Australia. Studies in Language Assessment, 12(2) | 4 | Input | |
Warlpiri | O’Shannessy, C., Li, S., Wood, B., Nelson, A., Bartlett, J., & Davis, V. (2024). Acquisition of Warlpiri consonants. Australian National University. | 21 | C, CC, PCC | - |
Welsh | Bellin, W. (1984). Welsh phonology in acquisition. In M. J. Ball, & G. E. Jones (Eds.), Welsh phonology (pp. 156-175). University of Wales Press. | 3 | C | - |
Welsh | Donohue, A., Holding, J., & Jones, V. (1983). Dyfed screening test of articulation and language. East Dyfed Health Authority. | 300 | C | - |
Welsh | Harrison, G., & Thomas, C. (1975). The acquisition of bilingual speech by infants. Final Report on SSRC Grant HR2104/1. [Social Science Research Council, UK] | 3 | C | - |
Welsh | Lewis, R. (2021). Early phonological development in children residing in Welsh-English communities: Typical and atypical patterns. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation], Cardiff Metropolitan University. | 6 | C, W | |
Welsh | Mayr, R., Howells, G., & Lewis, R. (2015). Asymmetries in phonological development: The case of word-final cluster acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children, Journal of Child Language, 42, 146-179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000913000603. | 40 | CC, PCCC | |
Welsh | Mayr, R., Jones, D. & Mennen, I. (2014). Speech learning in bilinguals: Consonant cluster acquisition, In E. Thomas, & I. Mennen (Eds.), Advances in the study of bilingualism (pp. 3-24). Multilingual Matters. | 41 | CC, PCCC | - |
Welsh | Munro, S., Ball, M. J., Müller, N., Duckworth, M. & Lyddy, F. (2005). Phonological acquisition in Welsh-English bilingual children. Journal of Multilingual Communication Disorders, 3, 24-49. | 83 | C, PCC | |
Xhosa | Gxilishe, S. (2004). The acquisition of clicks by Xhosa-speaking children. Per Linguam, 20,1–12. | 10 | C | |
Xhosa | Maphalala, Z., Pascoe, M., & Smouse, M. R. (2014). Phonological development of first language isiXhosa-speaking children aged 3;0–6;0 years: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(3), 176–194. | 24 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Xhosa | Pascoe, M., Rossouw, K., Fish, L., Jansen, C., Manley, N., Powell, M., & Rosen, L. (2016). Speech processing and production in two-year-old children acquiring isiXhosa: A tale of two children. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 63(2), 1–15. | 2 | C, V | |
Xhosa | Tuomi, S., Gxilishe, S., & Matomela, L. (2001). The acquisition of Xhosa phonemes. Per Linguam, 17, 14–23 | 10 | C, V | |
Xhosa | Mowrer, D., & Burger, S. A. (1991). Comparative analysis of phonological acquisition of consonants in the speech of 2;5–6 year old Xhosa- and English-speaking children. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 5,139–164. | 140 | C | |
Xhosa | Pascoe, M., Mahura, O., Le Roux, J., Danvers, E., de Jager, A., Esterhuizen, N., Naidoo, C., Reynders, J., Senior, S., & van der Merwe, A. (2017). Speech development in three-year-old children acquiring isiXhosa and English in South Africa. In E. Babatsouli, D. Ingram & N. Müller (Eds.), Crosslinguistic encounters in language acquisition: typical and atypical development (pp. 3–26). Multilingual Matters. | 33 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Zapotec | Arias Lozano, Leonora P. (1999). Habilidades psicolingüísticas; Un estudio comparativo entre niños hispanohablantes mestizos y zapotecos. M.A. Thesis. Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. | 12 | Narrative | |
Zapotec | Poblano, A., Castro-Sierra, E., Arteaga, C. & Pérez, S. (2016). Lexical tonal discrimination in Zapotec children. A study of the theta rhythm.Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, 73(2) 84-89. | 12 | Tone | |
Zapotec – Isthmus | Coronado, N. & Cardona, P. (2021). La segmentación entre palabras gráficas en producciones escritas de niños bilingües zapotecos. In K. Hess Zimmermann y L. J. Alarcón (Eds.). Desarrollo lingüístico tardío en poblaciones hispanohablantes (pp. 116-146). Comunicación Científica. | 28 | Orthography, syllable structure | |
Zapotec – Isthmus | Punaro, Ma. C. (2018). Análisis de la estructura narrativa de niños de habla zapoteca de la comunidad de San Blas Atempa, Oaxaca. M.A. Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. | 23 | Narrative | |
Zapotec – Isthmus | Rodríguez, H. H. (2011). Lenguas amenazadas, la importancia de la documentación lingüística en México: Notas sobre el Zapoteco de unión Hidalgo, Oaxaca. B.A. Thesis. Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia. | - | Revitalization | |
Zapotec – Lachixío | Sicoli, M. (2020). Saying and doing in Zapotec. Multimodality, resonance and the language of joint actions. Bloomsbury Academic. | - | - | |
Zapotec – Sierra de Juárez | Riestenberg, K. (2017). Acoustic salience and input frequency in L2 lexical tone learning: Evidence from a Zapotec revitalization program in San Pablo Macuiltianguis. Ph.D. dissertation, Georgetown University. | 7 | T | |
Zapotec – Sierra Sur | Juárez, B. (2018). La marcación de posesión en el zapoteco de coatecas altas, oaxaca: sistema adulto y producciones infantiles. M.A. Thesis. Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS). | 3 | Possession | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Chávez-Peón, M. E., Stemberger, J. P., & Lee, F. (2010). Desarrollo fonológico del zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní. In A. J. De-la-Mora-Ochoa & A. López Guevara (Eds.) Rumbos de la lingüística (pp. 65-104). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México & Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. | 49 | C, V, tone, syllable | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Chávez-Peón, M.E., Manzano, M., San Giacomo, M. & Wagner, C. (2013, October). Cambio y variación de la i herida (/ɨ/) en el zapoteco de San Lucas Quiaviní. XII Congreso Nacional de Lingüística AMLA, Querétaro. | No data | C, V, tone, syllable | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J. P. & Chávez-Peón, M. E. (2018). Development of variability of lenis stops in Valley Zapotec, InC. Rojas-Nieto & E. Oropeza, (Eds.) Diferencias individuales en la adquisición del lenguaje. factores lingüísticos, cognitivos y socioambientales (pp. 383-423). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México. | 5 | C | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J. P., & Chávez-Peón, M. E. (2014). Development of word-initial consonant clusters in Valley Zapotec: Universal versus language-specific effects of sonority. In M. Yavaʂ (Ed.), Unusual productions in phonology: Universals and language-specific considerations (pp. 49-69). Psychology Press. | 6 | C | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J. P., & Chávez-Peón, M. E. (2020). Voicing in ‘voiced’ ‘stops’ in valley zapotec: adults and very young children. In E. Babatsouli (Ed.). On under-reported monolingual child phonology. Multilingual Matters. | 6 | C | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Stemberger, J.P & Chávez Peón, M.E. (2014). Overgeneralization in the processing of complex forms in Valley Zapotec child language. Semantic considerations of lexical processing. The Mental Lexicon, 9(1), 107-130. | 5 | C, CV, VC | |
Zapotec – Western Tlacolula Valley | Velasco, K., Gutiérrez, A., Silva-García, F. y Ramírez, N. (2016). “¿Espacio para el zapoteco?” Una mirada a la educación intercultural bilingüe en el preescolar de Teotitlán del Valle en Oaxaca, México. Voces y Silencios: Revista Latinoamericana de Educación, 7(2), 41-52. | No data | Orthography | |
Zulu | Jeggo, Z. (2016). The phonological development of typically developing first language Zulu-speaking children aged 2;6 - 6;5 years: a descriptive cross-sectional study. [Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Cape Town]. | 32 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC | |
Zulu | Naidoo, Y., Van der Merwe, A., Groenewald, E., & Naudé, E. (2005). Development of speech sounds and syllable structure of words in Zulu-speaking children. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 23(1), 59-79. | 18 | C, V | |
Zulu | Pascoe, M., & Jeggo, Z. (2019). Speech acquisition in monolingual children acquiring isiZulu in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech, 1(1), 94-117. | 32 | C, V, PCC, PVC, PPC |